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Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection is an effective and chemical-free method used to inactivate microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. By using ultraviolet light — primarily in the UV-C wavelength range (200–280 nanometers) — this technology disrupts the DNA and RNA of pathogens, preventing them from reproducing and causing infections. UV disinfection has gained widespread adoption across water treatment, healthcare, food processing, air purification, and industrial applications due to its efficiency, safety, and environmental benefits. One of the most common applications of UV disinfection is in water and wastewater treatment. Municipal water utilities use UV systems to eliminate harmful pathogens like E. coli , Cryptosporidium , and Giardia without altering the taste, odor, or chemical composition of water. Unlike chlorine-based disinfection, UV treatment does not produce harmful disinfection by-products, making it an eco-friendly alternative. UV systems are also widely ...